in August would spell the end of Germany.īy November, with morale at home collapsing and troops in retreat, Germany collapsed. Although they inflicted substantial casualties, the Germans could not muster the strength to combat the reinforced Allied troops. This final German assault would reach its zenith with the Second Battle of the Marne on July 15.
With the withdrawal of Russian forces, Germany was able to reinforce the western front and launch an offensive in mid-March. But the first few months didn't seem so promising for Allied troops. The United States' entry into World War I proved to be the turning point in 1918. 7, the Bolsheviks successfully overthrew the Russian government and quickly withdrew from World War I hostilities. He and his family would eventually be arrested, detained, and murdered by revolutionaries. In Russia, roiled by domestic revolution, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated on March 15. troops began arriving in numbers large enough to make a difference in the battle. However, it wouldn't be until the following year that U.S. 7, Congress would also declare war against Austria-Hungary. On April 6, at Wilson's urging, Congress declared war on Germany, and the U.S. President Woodrow Wilson broke off diplomatic relations with Germany in early February. When the contents of the telegram were revealed, U.S.
In the telegram, Germany tried to entice Mexico into attacking the U.S., offering Texas and other states in return. In late January, British intelligence officers intercepted the Zimmerman Telegram, a German communique to Mexican officials. was still officially neutral at the start of 1917, that would soon change. That fall, the tsar would take personal control over Russia's army in a last-ditch attempt to shore up his military and domestic power.Īlthough the U.S. Russia, meanwhile, was fighting not just on the battlefield but at home as the government of Tsar Nicholas II faced the threat of internal revolution. Soon, both sides were engaged in chemical warfare, using chlorine, mustard, and phosgene gasses that injured more than 1 million men by war's end. It is during this battle that the Germans first used poison gas. On April 22, the Second Battle of Ypres began. Both the Dardanelles Campaign in February and the Battle of Gallipoli in April proved costly failures. Stymied in Europe, Allied forces tried to gain momentum by attacking the Ottoman Empire twice where the Sea of Marmara meets the Aegean Sea. This would lead to the May 7 sinking of the British ocean liner Lusitania by a German U-boat. Germany declared a war zone in the waters around the U.K., beginning a campaign of submarine warfare. In response to a North Sea military blockade that Britain imposed the previous November, on Feb 4. Print Collector/Getty Images/Getty Images Despite the slaughter, a one-day Christmas truce was declared on Dec. Both sides began digging in and fortifying their positions, signaling the start of trench warfare. They made swift progress until the first week of September when the German advance was stopped by French and British troops at the First Battle of the Marne. President Woodrow Wilson announced the U.S. 6, the British Empire, France, and Russia were at war with Serbia and Germany. That same day, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Meanwhile, regional powers like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were teetering on the brink of collapse.Īgainst this backdrop, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Austria-Hungary's throne, and his wife, Sophie, were assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip on June 28 while the couple was visiting Sarajevo.
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A series of alliances among the leading nations committed them to each other's defense. De Agostini/Biblioteca Ambrosiana/Getty ImagesĪlthough World War I officially began in 1914, much of Europe had been roiled by political and ethnic conflict for years before.